AKTUARI SEBAGAI PEGAWAI TERTINGGI KERAJAAN DARI PERSPEKTIF SEJARAH DAN ERA KEMODENAN (ACTUARIES AS HIGH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS FROM THE HISTORICAL TO MODERN PERSPECTIVES)
Abstract
Aktuarius adalah merupakan satu jawatan tertinggi kerajaan Empayar Rom Purba yang pada asalnya ditugaskan sebagai pencatat minit dalam Senat Rom. Masa berlalu dan peranan aktuarius terus berkembang sehingga ke zaman Empayar Rom Timur yang dikenali sebagai Empayar Bizantium. Peranan aktuarius di dalam kerajaan bukan sahaja terhad sebagai pengurus kewangan kerajaan tetapi turut terlibat dalam pengagihan gaji kepada tentera-tentera Rom, peruntukan ketenteraan serta membuat polisi dan dasar kerajaan. Sejarah latar belakang aktuarius yang telah wujud beribu tahun dahulu menunjukkan kepentingan ilmu aktuari dalam konteks sesebuah negara. Gelaran aktuari (yang diambil daripada perkataan aktuarius) dihidupkan kembali di sekitar abad ke-18 oleh seorang Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif bagi merujuk kepada jawatan beliau sebagai ahli matematik dalam sebuah syarikat insurans hayat. Seterusnya ilmu aktuari terus berkembang dan diperlukan dalam pelbagai bidang termasuk di sektor awam apabila kerajaan di beberapa buah negara maju seperti Amerika Syarikat dan United Kingdom mula mewujudkan jawatan Aktuari Kerajaan yang memainkan peranan penting sebagai penasihat kepada kepimpinan negara dalam menggubal dasar dan polisi awam yang berkaitan dengan ekonomi dan sosial. Di Malaysia, di awal penubuhan Persekutuan Malaysia, seorang aktuari bertauliah dilantik dan Unit Perkhidmatan Aktuari diwujudkan di bawah Jabatan Perdana Menteri. Tetapi malangnya selepas 50 tahun unit ini telah dijumudkan. Di era kemodenan ini, apabila negara-negara maju terus mengikhtiraf aktuari sebagai pegawai tertinggi kerajaan yang memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan negara, sebaliknya di Malaysia peranan aktuari telah diketepikan.
Kata Kunci: aktuari, aktuari kerajaan, pegawai tertinggi kerajaan
Aktuarius was a high government official in Ancient Roman Empire which was originally the secretary, who was responsible for the official record of the proceedings of the Senate Rome. As time passed, the role of the actuary continued to expand until the Eastern Roman Empire, or also known as the Byzantine Empire. At that time, the aktuarius role in the government was not only limited to government financial management but also involved in the distribution of wages to the Roman armies, the provision of military and helped the government in policy making. The historical background of aktuarius that has existed for thousands of years demonstrates the importance of actuarial science in the context of a country. In the 18th century, the term actuary (which was derived from the Latin actuarius) was adopted for the Chief Official to refer to his position as a mathematician in a life insurance company. The profession continues to grow and develop where actuarial science is needed in various areas, including in the public sector as the government in some developed countries like the United States and the United Kingdom start creating posts that plays an important role as an advisor to the country’s leadership in policy formulation and public policy related to economic and social development. In Malaysia, in the early days of the Federation of Malaysia, a qualified actuary was appointed, and Actuarial Services Unit was established under the Prime Minister’s Department. But unfortunately after 50 years this unit has been abolished. In the era of modernisation, when developed countries continue to recognise actuaries as high government officials who played a key role in national development, but the role of actuaries in Malaysia has been ruled out.
Keywords: actuary, government actuary, high government official
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